Jan Kończak

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<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#7f7f7f;"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#00ff00;">user&#64;host</span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#5c5cff;"> ~ $</span> cat nums.txt
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#7f7f7f;"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#00ff00;">user&#64;host</span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#5c5cff;"> ~ $</span> head -n2 nums.txt
one
two
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#7f7f7f;"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#00ff00;">user&#64;host</span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#5c5cff;"> ~ $</span> head -c5 nums.txt           <span style="color:gray;"># ┌ the 5 bytes are: "one\nt"; notice no trailing newline</span>
one                                       <span style="color:gray;"># └ that clutters next prompt with part of the output</span>
t<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#7f7f7f;"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#00ff00;">user&#64;host</span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#5c5cff;"> ~ $</span>head -n -9 nums.txt         <span style="color:gray;"># this skips last 9 lines in file</span>
one
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#7f7f7f;"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#00ff00;">user&#64;host</span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#5c5cff;"> ~ $</span> tail -n1 nums.txt
ten
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#7f7f7f;"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#00ff00;">user&#64;host</span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#5c5cff;"> ~ $</span> tail -n+9 nums.txt          <span style="color:gray;"># ┌ this skips <span style="font-weight:bold;">8</span> first lines</span>
nine                                      <span style="color:gray;"># └ (starts printing from 9th line)</span>
ten
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#7f7f7f;"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#00ff00;">user&#64;host</span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#5c5cff;"> ~ $</span> tail -c7 nums.txt           <span style="color:gray;"># the 7 bytes are: 'ne\nten\n'</span>
ne
ten
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#7f7f7f;"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#00ff00;">user&#64;host</span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#5c5cff;"> ~ $</span> ps
  PID TTY          TIME CMD
 7243 pts/5    00:00:00 bash
 7332 pts/5    00:00:00 ps
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#7f7f7f;"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#00ff00;">user&#64;host</span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#5c5cff;"> ~ $</span> ps | tail -n+2              <span style="color:gray;"># real-world example: getting rid of a header</span>
 7243 pts/5    00:00:00 bash
 7334 pts/5    00:00:00 ps
 7335 pts/5    00:00:00 tail
<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#7f7f7f;"></span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#00ff00;">user&#64;host</span><span style="font-weight:bold;color:#5c5cff;"> ~ $</span> tail -n1 /var/log/messages  <span style="color:gray;"># real-world example: displaying most recent entries in a log</span>
Jan  1 00:00:00 host kernel: OOM killer enabled.
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Jan Kończak

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